Sinusitis, also called rhinosinusitis, is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses. These sinuses produce mucus that helps keep the nasal passages functioning properly. Sinusitis can occur due to infections, allergies, or structural issues such as nasal polyps.

Types of Sinusitis

1. Acute Sinusitis: Symptoms last less than four weeks, often caused by viral infections following a cold.
2. Subacute Sinusitis: Symptoms persist for 4–12 weeks.
3. Chronic Sinusitis: Inflammation lasts longer than 12 weeks and can recur.

Symptoms

• Nasal congestion or obstruction
• Facial pain or pressure (often localized to the forehead or cheeks)
• Thick nasal discharge, often yellow or green
• Reduced or lost sense of smell
• Fever (in bacterial cases)
• Cough or sore throat

Causes

1. Viral Infections: Often follow a common cold and resolve within 10 days.
2. Bacterial Infections: Can develop after viral sinusitis and are more prolonged.
3. Fungal Infections: Rare but can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
4. Allergic Reactions: Contribute to chronic sinusitis.

Diagnosis

Sinusitis is diagnosed based on symptoms, physical examination, and sometimes imaging studies like CT scans. Nasal endoscopy may also be used.

Treatment

1. Acute Viral Sinusitis: Symptomatic relief with hydration, decongestants, and pain relievers.
2. Bacterial Sinusitis: Antibiotics are prescribed if symptoms persist or worsen after 10 days.
3. Chronic Sinusitis: Treatment includes nasal corticosteroids, saline irrigation, and in some cases, surgery (e.g., functional endoscopic sinus surgery).

Preventive measures include managing allergies, avoiding respiratory irritants, and practicing good hygiene.