What is Pelvis?

The bony pelvis consists of the two hip bones (also known as innominate or pelvic bones), the sacrum and the coccyx.

There are four articulations within the pelvis:

• Sacroiliac joints (x2) – between the ilium of the hip bones, and the sacrum
• Sacrococcygeal symphysis – between the sacrum and the coccyx.
• Pubic symphysis – between the pubis bodies of the two hip bones.

What is Glabella?

The space between two eyebrows is called glabella.

Do you know?

The dot above “I” and “j” is called title.

What is vagitus?

The first cry of the baby is called vagitus.

What are the benefits of drinking water?

• Supports heart health
• Improves circulations
• Increases waste removal
• Flushes out toxins
• Nutrient absorption
• Increases energy and alertness
• Supports weight healthy loss
• Improves complexion
• Supports muscles building
• Enhances brain function
• Boost immune system
• Prevents headaches
• Prevents kidney stones
• Prevents cramps
• Supports joints
• Prevents backeches
• Prevents bad breath

What is symphysiotomy?

Symphysiotomy is an operation that is done to increase the size of the pelvic outlet to permit vaginal delivery of a baby. The procedure involves surgically dividing, under local anaesthesia, the cartilage of the symphysis pubis.

Why medicine should take with normal water?

Water is neutral and does not change the composition of the medication. Taking your medication with milk, caffeine or fruit juice can have some negative side-effects. Even swallowing your meds without fluid can increase the risk of choking and may cause irritation and inflammation in the oesophagus.

Which C.section is best either horizontal or vertical?

The reason for the differences between the two is that patients with vertical uterine incisions have a much higher chance of rupturing the uterus (8% to 10%) in the future pregnancies, compared to only 1% in those with horizontal incisions.

What is pfannenstiel incision?

A Pfannenstiel incision, Kerr incision, Pfannenstiel-Kerr incision or pubic incision is a type of abdominal surgical incision that allows access to the abdomen. It is used for gynecologic and orthopedics surgeries, and it is the most common method for performing Caesarian sections today. 

Which is the most common side effect of many medications?

Possibly the most common side effects of any prescription drug are gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, constipation and diarrhea, because most drugs go through the digestive system to be absorbed. Other common effects include drowsiness, pain and skin reactions.

What does a port-wine stain indicate?

Port-wine stains are caused by an abnormal formation of tiny blood vessels in the skin. 

Sources of Vitamin A

Vitamin A can be obtained from various dietary sources, and it exists in two primary forms in food: preformed vitamin A (retinoids) and provitamin A carotenoids. Here are common sources of vitamin A:

Preformed Vitamin A (Retinoids):

• Animal Liver: Liver, especially from animals like beef, chicken, and fish, is one of the richest sources of preformed vitamin A.
• Eggs: Egg yolks contain vitamin A, although the amount varies depending on the diet of the chicken.
• Dairy Products: Cheese, milk, and butter can provide vitamin A, with whole milk containing more than skim milk.
• Fatty Fish: Certain fish, like salmon and mackerel, contain retinol, a form of vitamin A.
• Cod Liver Oil: This oil is exceptionally high in vitamin A and is available as a dietary supplement.

Provitamin A Carotenoids:

• Carrots: Carrots are famous for their beta-carotene content, which the body converts into vitamin A.
• Sweet Potatoes: These are rich in beta-carotene and are a great source of vitamin A.
• Pumpkins: Like sweet potatoes, pumpkins are high in beta-carotene.
• Spinach and Kale: Dark leafy greens are good sources of beta-carotene.
• Mangoes: Mangoes are rich in beta-carotene and vitamin A.
• Cantaloupes: Another fruit high in beta-carotene.
• Red Bell Peppers: They contain beta-carotene and are a good source of vitamin A.
• Apricots: Dried apricots are a concentrated source of provitamin A carotenoids.

1. Fortified Foods: Many foods, such as cereals, milk, and margarine, are fortified with vitamin A to help address deficiencies in certain populations.
2. Liver Pâté: Liver pâté, a spread made from liver, is a concentrated source of vitamin A.
3. Supplements: Vitamin A supplements are available, but they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as excessive vitamin A intake can be harmful.

It’s important to maintain a balanced diet to ensure an adequate intake of vitamin A, as it plays a crucial role in vision, immune function, skin health, and more. If you have specific dietary restrictions or concerns about your vitamin A intake, consult a healthcare provider or nutritionist for guidance.

Sources of Vitamin B

Vitamin B is a complex of several different B vitamins, each with its own specific name and function. Here are some common sources of various B vitamins:

B1 (Thiamine):

• Whole Grains: Brown rice, whole wheat, and oats.
• Legumes: Lentils, black beans, and peas.
• Nuts and Seeds: Sunflower seeds and peanuts.
• Pork and Pork Products: Pork chops and ham.
• Yeast Extract: Nutritional yeast is a good source.

B2 (Riboflavin):

• Dairy Products: Milk, yogurt, and cheese.
• Lean Meats: Chicken, turkey, and lean cuts of beef.
• Eggs: Particularly the yolks.
• Leafy Greens: Spinach and broccoli.

B3 (Niacin):

• Meat: Chicken, turkey, beef, and pork.
• Fish: Tuna, salmon, and sardines.
• Legumes: Peanuts, lentils, and beans.
• Whole Grains: Brown rice and whole wheat.

B5 (Pantothenic Acid):

• Meat: Organ meats, beef, and chicken.
• Avocado: A good source of pantothenic acid.
• Whole Grains: Whole wheat, brown rice, and oats.
• Mushrooms: Especially shiitake mushrooms.

B6 (Pyridoxine):

• Meat: Chicken, turkey, and lean cuts of beef.
• Fish: Tuna and salmon.
• Bananas: A good fruit source.
• Potatoes: Particularly the skin.
• Spinach: A vegetable source.

B7 (Biotin):

• Eggs: Especially the yolks.
• Nuts: Almonds, peanuts, and walnuts.
• Whole Grains: Oats, wheat germ, and barley.
• Legumes: Lentils and soybeans.

B9 (Folate or Folic Acid):

• Leafy Greens: Spinach, kale, and collard greens.
• Legumes: Lentils, chickpeas, and black-eyed peas.
• Fortified Foods: Some cereals and bread are fortified with folic acid.
• Liver: Beef liver is particularly rich in folate.

B12 (Cobalamin):

• Animal Products: Meat, fish, and dairy products.
• Organ Meats: Liver and kidneys.
• Eggs: Especially the yolks.
• Fortified Foods: Some plant-based milk alternatives and cereals are fortified with B12.

It’s important to note that some B vitamins are found primarily in animal-based foods (B12), while others are abundant in plant-based sources (folate). If you follow a vegetarian or vegan diet, consider supplementation or carefully plan your diet to ensure you get an adequate intake of B vitamins. Additionally, B vitamins are water-soluble and can be lost during cooking, so minimizing cooking times and using cooking liquids (like in soups) can help retain their content in foods.

Sources of Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and some animal products. Here are common sources of vitamin C:

Citrus Fruits:

• Oranges
• Grapefruits
• Lemons
• Limes
• Tangerines

Berries:

• Strawberries
• Blueberries
• Raspberries
• Blackberries
• Cranberries

Tropical Fruits:

• Kiwifruit
• Pineapples
• Mangoes
• Papayas
• Guavas

Melons:

• Cantaloupe
• Watermelon

Citrus Juices:

• Freshly squeezed orange juice is a popular source of vitamin C.

Leafy Greens:

• Spinach
• Kale
• Swiss chard
• Collard greens

Bell Peppers:

• Especially red, yellow, and orange varieties; they have higher vitamin C content than green peppers.

Broccoli:

• Broccoli is a good source of vitamin C and other nutrients.

Tomatoes:

• Both fresh tomatoes and tomato products (e.g., tomato sauce) contain vitamin C.

Paprika:

This spice made from dried peppers is particularly rich in vitamin C.

Acerola Cherries:

These small, red, tart cherries are one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C.

Guava:

Guava is exceptionally high in vitamin C.

Mangoes:

Besides being a tropical treat, mangoes are a good source of vitamin C.

Strawberry:

Strawberries are not only delicious but also rich in vitamin C.

Cauliflower:

This vegetable contains a decent amount of vitamin C.

Pine Nuts:

Pine nuts are one of the few nuts that contain vitamin C.

Organ Meats:

Liver (from various animals) contains vitamin C, though it’s not a common source in most diets.

It’s important to note that vitamin C is sensitive to heat and can be destroyed during cooking, so eating some of these foods raw or lightly cooked can help retain their vitamin C content. Including a variety of vitamin C-rich foods in your diet can help ensure you meet your daily recommended intake of this essential nutrient.

Sources of Vitamin D

Vitamin D is unique because our bodies can produce it when our skin is exposed to sunlight. However, it can also be obtained from dietary sources and supplements. Here are common sources of vitamin D:

Sunlight:

• Exposure to sunlight is one of the most natural ways to obtain vitamin D. When your skin is exposed to UVB sunlight, it can synthesize vitamin D. The amount of sun exposure needed varies depending on factors like skin tone, location, and time of day.

Fatty Fish:

• Fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, trout, and tuna are excellent dietary sources of vitamin D.

Cod Liver Oil:

• Cod liver oil is one of the richest natural sources of vitamin D. It is available as a dietary supplement.

Egg Yolks:

• The yolks of eggs contain vitamin D. The amount can vary depending on the diet of the hens.

Mushrooms:

• Some types of mushrooms, like shiitake and maitake mushrooms, contain small amounts of vitamin D, particularly when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.

Fortified Foods:

• Many foods are fortified with vitamin D to help prevent deficiencies. These include:
  • Fortified Milk: Cow’s milk is commonly fortified with vitamin D.
  • Fortified Orange Juice: Some brands of orange juice are enriched with vitamin D.
  • Fortified Cereals: Certain breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin D.
  • Fortified Plant-Based Milk: Almond milk, soy milk, and other non-dairy milk alternatives are often fortified.

Supplements:

• Vitamin D supplements are available over-the-counter. They can be taken as vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplements. Consult a healthcare provider before taking supplements to determine your specific needs.

Vitamin D is essential for maintaining bone health, immune function, and various other bodily processes. The recommended intake can vary depending on age, sex, and individual health factors, so it’s a good idea to discuss your vitamin D needs with a healthcare professional. Additionally, some people may require supplements, especially if they have limited sun exposure or specific medical conditions that affect vitamin D absorption.

Sources of Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage. Here are common dietary sources of vitamin E:

Nuts and Seeds:

• Almonds
• Sunflower seeds
• Hazelnuts (filberts)
• Pine nuts
• Peanuts
• Walnuts

Vegetable Oils:

• Wheat germ oil
• Sunflower oil
• Safflower oil
• Soybean oil
• Corn oil
• Olive oil

Green Leafy Vegetables:

• Spinach
• Swiss chard
• Turnip greens
• Collard greens

Avocado:

• Avocado is one of the few fruits that contain vitamin E.

1. Fortified Foods:

• Some breakfast cereals, margarines, and salad dressings are fortified with vitamin E.

Fish:

• Some fatty fish, like trout and salmon, contain small amounts of vitamin E.

Kiwi:

• Kiwifruit is a fruit source of vitamin E, though it contains relatively small amounts.

Mangoes:

• Mangoes contain a moderate amount of vitamin E.

Papaya:

• Papaya is another fruit that provides some vitamin E.

Tomatoes:

Tomatoes, especially when cooked or processed into tomato paste, contain vitamin E.

Bell Peppers:

Red bell peppers contain more vitamin E than green ones.

Asparagus:

Asparagus is a vegetable source of vitamin E.

Vitamin E is essential for the proper functioning of the body, and a balanced diet can typically provide adequate amounts. However, it’s important not to consume excessive amounts of vitamin E, as very high doses from supplements can have adverse effects. If you have specific dietary concerns or health conditions, it’s a good idea to consult with a healthcare professional or nutritionist to ensure you’re meeting your vitamin E needs appropriately.

NATONAL ANIMAL

The national animal of Pakistan is the Markhor, 

NATIONAL PLANT

The national plant of Pakistan is Jasmine (Jasminum officinale)¹

NATONAL BIRD

Chukar

d- dimer test

The D-dimer test is used to

• Rule out severe blood clots.
• Check for blood clotting disorders.
• Monitor treatments for blood clotting disorders.
• Detect proteins present after the formation and breakdown of blood clots.
• Measure the amount of D-dimer in your blood, which can indicate blood clotting problems.

GDP Growth stand for

Gross domestic product

sutures

a stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision:

Names of Arteries

Aorta

The main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

• Ascending Aorta
• Aortic Arch
• Descending Thoracic Aorta
• Abdominal Aorta
• Coronary Arteries – Supply blood to the heart muscle.
• Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
• Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
• Left Circumflex (LCx) Artery
• Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
• Carotid Arteries – Supply blood to the head and neck.
• Common Carotid Artery
• Internal Carotid Artery (supplies the brain)
• External Carotid Artery (supplies the face and scalp)
• Subclavian Arteries – Supply blood to the arms and part of the brain.
• Right Subclavian Artery
• Left Subclavian Artery
• Brachial Artery – Supplies blood to the upper arm.
• Radial Artery (forearm and hand)
• Ulnar Artery (forearm and hand)
• Femoral Artery – Supplies blood to the thigh and leg.
• Popliteal Artery (knee area)
• Anterior Tibial Artery
• Posterior Tibial Artery
• Fibular (Peroneal) Artery
• Renal Arteries – Supply blood to the kidneys.
• Hepatic Artery – Supplies blood to the liver.
• Mesenteric Arteries – Supply blood to the intestines.
• Superior Mesenteric Artery
• Inferior Mesenteric Artery
• Pulmonary Arteries – Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
• Right Pulmonary Artery
• Left Pulmonary Artery
• Each artery plays a crucial role

Total Number of Arteries

there are over 600 distinct arteries in the body

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